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Narratives

Telling a Story

Retelling a story you heard, and telling one of your own, with a beginning, a middle and an end.

Mastered by
Children string events together in "heaps" and chains at 3 and 4, tell a story with a character, a setting and a problem by about 5, and give a complete episode - problem, plan, what happened, how it ended - by 6 or 7
Practice items
70
Sections
9
The parts of a story, explainedShow ↓
  1. 1. WhoWho was it about?
  2. 2. WhereWhere were they?
  3. 3. WhenWhen did it happen?
  4. 4. ProblemWhat went wrong, or what did they want?
  5. 5. FeelingHow did they feel about it?
  6. 6. TryWhat did they do about it?
  7. 7. EndHow did it end?

Every story has the same parts, whether you heard it, lived it or made it up.

WHO was it about, and WHERE and WHEN were they.

Then something goes wrong, or somebody wants something - that is the PROBLEM. Say how they FELT about it.

Then what they DID about it, and how it ENDED.

Young children get who and the end first. The problem and the fix come with practice - ask for the part that is missing.

  • Who: Mia and Dad. Where: the park.
  • Problem: she got scared at the top of the slide.
  • Try: Dad held out his arms.
  • End: she slid right into them.

Watch for: A list with no order ("a dog, a park, my mom"), or a story that stops at the problem. Both are normal on the way; both tell you which part to model next.

What this skill is

A story has parts: who it was about, where and when, what went wrong or what they wanted, how they felt, what they did about it, and how it ended. Retelling a story you just heard is the first rung, because the parts are handed to you. Telling something that happened to you is next. Making one up is last. Narrative skill in kindergarten is one of the best predictors of how reading comprehension goes, because a story is the same shape whether you hear it, tell it or read it.

What to expect

A three-year-old lists things that are true at once ("a dog, a park, my mom") with no order. A four-year-old puts things in order but leaves out the problem, so the story has no point. A five-year-old has a problem but may skip how it was fixed - the story just stops. Children who leave the same part out every time are showing you what to teach: name it, model it, and ask for that one part.

Try this at home

After any story or any outing, ask for the parts in order rather than "what happened?": "Who was it about? Where were you? What went wrong? Then what did you do?" Point to the part on the organizer as you ask. Say a two-sentence version back and let the child fix it.

When to refer

Cannot retell a familiar four-sentence story in order by 5, or tells personal stories that have no sequence or leave out the main event by 6.

Put it into practice

Tap any item below to open it full screen, one at a time, so a child can answer without reading the answer first.

These activities are a starting point, not the practice itself. A structured task is a good way to introduce a form and to find out whether a child has it yet. What actually moves it into everyday speech is using it in the real world and in ordinary play — which means the four things below matter more than finishing the list.

  • Recast

    Say their sentence back correctly, without asking them to repeat it. Child: “he goed.” You: “he went! Where did he go?”

  • Expand

    Add one or two words to what they said and hand it back. Child: “big truck.” You: “a big red truck!”

  • Simplify what you ask

    Cut a long instruction into single steps and say them in the order they happen, rather than repeating the long one louder.

  • Follow their lead

    Use whatever they are already playing with. A form practised on something they chose is the one that shows up again tomorrow.

Retell It: Short Stories

8 items

Read one story. Then ask the child to tell it back. The answer is the parts to listen for - a young child can get the who and the end; an older child gets the problem and the feeling too. Tap any item to open it full screen.

Retell: The Lost Kitten

7 items

Read the story once. Then ask the parts one at a time - the story stays on screen - and finish by having the child tell the whole thing back. Tap any item to open it full screen.

On Saturday morning, Nora heard a small sound coming from under the porch. She knelt down and saw a gray kitten with one white paw, curled up against the cold. Nora ran inside for a towel and a bowl of milk. The kitten was too frightened to come out at first, so Nora sat very still and waited nearly an hour. By lunchtime the kitten was asleep in her lap, and her mother had already agreed they could keep it if nobody claimed it.

Retell: The Science Fair

6 items

Read the story once. Then ask the parts one at a time - the story stays on screen - and finish by having the child tell the whole thing back. Tap any item to open it full screen.

Marcus had two weeks to build his project, but he spent the first week deciding what to do. Finally he chose to test which paper towel soaked up the most water. He bought three brands, poured the same amount of water into three dishes, and timed how long each towel took. The cheapest brand did the best, which surprised everybody including Marcus. He came second at the fair, behind a girl who had grown crystals in a jar.

Retell: The Storm

7 items

Read the story once. Then ask the parts one at a time - the story stays on screen - and finish by having the child tell the whole thing back. Tap any item to open it full screen.

The wind started in the afternoon and by dinner the power was out. Dad found the camping lantern in the garage and they ate cold sandwiches around the kitchen table. Jonah thought it was the best dinner he had ever had. His little sister did not agree and cried until Dad let her hold the lantern. The lights came back on just before bedtime, and the first thing everyone heard was the television, still on from hours before.

Retell: The New Bus Driver

6 items

Read the story once. Then ask the parts one at a time - the story stays on screen - and finish by having the child tell the whole thing back. Tap any item to open it full screen.

For three years the bus had been driven by Mr Okafor, who knew every child by name and kept a jar of stickers by his seat. When he retired in October, a new driver named Ms Patel took over. Nobody liked her at first because she would not let anyone stand up while the bus was moving. By December, though, she had learned all the names too, and there was a new jar by the seat with dinosaur stickers in it.

Retell: The Library Card

6 items

Read the story once. Then ask the parts one at a time - the story stays on screen - and finish by having the child tell the whole thing back. Tap any item to open it full screen.

Amira had wanted her own library card since she was five, but the rule was that you had to be able to write your whole name. She practiced on the back of receipts all summer. In August she walked to the library with her grandfather, wrote A-M-I-R-A B-E-G-U-M on the form, and the librarian slid a card across the counter. Amira checked out six books, which was the limit, and carried them home in both arms.

Personal Narrative: Something That Happened

10 items

One prompt at a time. Give the child a moment; then, if they stall, ask for one part ("Where were you?"). The answer is what a complete telling includes. Tap any item to open it full screen.

Personal Narrative: A Problem and a Fix

10 items

These need a problem, a feeling and how it ended. If the child stops at the problem, ask "and then what did you do?" Tap any item to open it full screen.

Story Starters: Make One Up

10 items

A kick-off, and the child supplies the rest. Make it up together the first few times - you say a sentence, they say a sentence. Tap any item to open it full screen.

Patchy's Storybook

Open full screen →

A title page, then a page for each thing that happens. Draw it, paint it, put stickers in, and type the words at the bottom. The story parts along the top light up as they get told. Print it when it has a beginning, a middle and an end.

Story parts0 of 7 told

Title page - draw the cover

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